Improved water use strategies, oldimproved water use strategies, old technologies, and newer technologies are. These are used in paints, var nishes, and ink as drying agents in which the oxidation of. Petroleum refining is a technology that uses fossil fuels as raw materials and chemical catalysts as a means to achieve conversion of petroleum through once, twice, and deep processing to get a series of chemical products, which are further used as the basic raw materials for synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fertilizers and pesticides production. Every aspect of daytoday life of man is somehow influenced by the use of petroleum. Walter seigmund, wikimedia commons petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol. It is second only to the chemicals industry in the total amount of energy it consumes. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. The petroleum refining sector has the largest process heating energy demand of all manufacturing sectors, and correspondingly is also the largest generator of onsite ghg combustion emissions. With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating. In the early days of the oil industry, the methods for refining oil were very different than the. Petroleum institute separators, dissolved air flotation daf units and further treatment units such as an activated sludge biotreater to make water suitable for reusing or for disposal. Shreve and brink 1977, nelson 1958, rossini 1947, sweeney 1950 and arene and kitwood 1979 have noted that petroleum is a highly complex mixture, the main constituents being compounds gases, liquids and solid of hydrocarbons 1115% hydrogen and 8387% carbon which are classified as alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. This is exemplified by discussing the applications of nanotechnology in several typical petroleum refining processes.
Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Petroleum distillates such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and others provide the raw material for products that include dyes, synthetic detergents, and fabrics. All forms of catalytic cracking break down complex compounds into simpler structures to increase the quality and quantity of the desirable products and decrease the amount of residuals. Oil refining refineries process crude oil products into fuel products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and other similar product. Term energy outlook steo model provides forecasts of petroleum refinery inputs crude oil, unfinished oils, pentanes plus, liquefied petroleum gas, motor gasoline blending components, and aviation gasoline blending components and. The petroleum refining industry converts crude oil into more than 2500 refined products, including liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, aviation fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Petroleum, nowadays, is a main source of energy in the world. Chapter 5 the petroleum refining industry industry overview the petroleum refining industry uses the largest quantity of premium fuels in the industrial sector, amounting to 2,7 quads in 1981. Petroleum refining processes petroleum refinery in anacortes, washington cc. Increasingg, y, water costs, availability, and conservation initiatives are driving the need to reevaluate usaggppye and supply alternatives. These processes require hose assemblies for petroleum transfer, steam lines, and for the transfer of byproducts and additives associated with refining.
Cobalt and its compounds especially cobalt carboxylates, known as cobalt soaps are good oxidation catalysts. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercialsharealike 4. Pdf nanotechnology applications in petroleum refining. There are three steps in the petroleum refining process separation, conversion. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petrochemicals james g. We will be drilling deeper into downstream oil and gas segments, starting with refining. Energy efficiencies of petroleum refineries argonne national. The fuels derived from petroleum contribute approximately onethird to onehalf of the total world energy supply and are used not only for transportation fuels i.
Principal energyrelated uses of the products of petroleum refining. Refining operations petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a highoctane component of gasoline or petrol. Young builds a coaloil refinery in whitburn, scotland. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1. Complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically.
Optimization of water usage at petroleum refineries. The alkylation process combines light isoparaffins, most commonly isobutane, with c 3 c 4 olefins, to produce a mixture of higher molecular weight isoparaffins i. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. Petroleum institute, which uses the oapi scale index that is based on the oil relative density as. An overview of heavy oil properties and its recovery and transportation methods 573 brazilian journal of chemical engineering vol. Treatment processes in petroleum refining introduction oil refinery. Classified under sic 29, the petroleum refining industry is.
Learn the basics about the uses of crude oil fractions. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils. Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry. Bandwidth study on energy use and potential energy saving opportunities in u.
Refining adds value by converting crude oil which in itself has. Although the major products of the petroleum refining sector are transportation fuels, its products are also used in other energy applications, and as feedstock for. A chemical process essentially involves streams whose composition is fairly known. This courseware module is part of penn states college of earth and mineral sciences oer initiative. Appendix a overview of petroleum refining hydrocracking in general, catalytic cracking has replaced most uses of thermal cracking. Petroleum refining sector naics 324110 energy and ghg. Oil is used to power our vehicles, to create medicines that keep us healthy, and to make the plastics, cosmetics, and other personal products that enhance our daily lives. Benzene and toluene are the starting materials used to make polyurethanes, which are used in surfactants, oils, and even to varnish wood. This is also due to its multiple usability in different fields of machine civilisation. Before watching this video you should watch our video explaining how crude oil is separated into its. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes natural gas composition, classification, processing faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. Cobalt recovery from waste catalysts petroleum refining.
Gaseous refinery products include hydrogen, fuel gas, ethane, propane, and butane. With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. The example refinery flow scheme presented in figure 5. Crude oil is a viscous mobile liquid mixed with water and. Nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil. S the united states has the worlds largest refining capacity, processing just less than a quarter of all crude oil in the world. Current canadian refining capacity exceeds domestic demand.
Isobutane and c 3 c 4 olefins are produced as byproducts from fcc and other catalytic and thermal conversion processes in a refinery. Petroleum, complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. Applications of zeolites in petroleum refining springerlink. However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing. A snapshot of how the petroleum refining sector ranks in terms of energy use and losses within manufacturing is shown in table 2. Profile of the petroleum refining industry in california energy. Petroleum refining or oil refining is an industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from the ground and transformed and refined into useful products like liquefied petroleum gas lpg, kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. For many in the salt business, the oil was a nuisance, and they were content to burn it or allow it to run off. Petroleum refining an overview sciencedirect topics. Petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. The term is often restricted to the liquid form, commonly called crude oil, but, as a technical term, petroleum also includes natural gas and the viscous or solid form known as bitumen, which is found. Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with casno 64742489. Doe treating in petroleum refining is a means by which contaminants such as organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry by louis e.
Petroleum is converted into energy rich fuels such as gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, liquid petroleum gas lpg, and other fuel oils. Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss some to be a mature industry. Fractionation distillation is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boilingpoint ranges called fractions or cuts. Oil 101 introduction to refining downstream oil and gas. Semih eser, professor of energy and geoenvironmental engineering, college of earth and mineral sciences, penn state. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. Zeolites, or more broadly molecular sieves, can be found in a majority of the major catalytic processes in todays petroleum refinery. Petroleum refining petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses.